Blockboard is one type of engineered compound plywood board where softwood strips are joined edge to edge and bonded together machining often a sandwich structure placing hardwood between them. Block…

Timber is a type of wood which has been processed into beams and planks. It is also known as “lumber” in US and Canada. Basically, timber or Lumber is a wood or firewood of growing trees. Any wood cap…

Foundation is one of the most important parts of the structure. Foundation is defined as that part of the structure that transfers the load from the structure as well as its own weight over a large ar…

The raft foundation is a very commonly used type of foundation system. Raft foundation is also known as Mat foundation. Definition of raft foundation along with working principle, when to choose raft,…

A foundation which consists of one, two or more tiers of beams (typically steel) superimposed on a layer of concrete to disperse load over an extensive area is grillage foundation. It is used at the b…

A pier foundation is a collection of large diameter cylindrical columns to support the superstructure and transfer large super-imposed loads to the firm strata below. It stood several feet above the g…

The word caisson is derived from latin capsa ^[1] which means box or case.

In Civil Engineering, Caissons denote watertight structures which are constructed in connection with the excavation for f…

Foundations provide support to the structure, transfers the loads from the structure to the soil. But the layer at which the foundation transfers the load shall have an adequate bearing capacity and s…

For designing shallow foundations, it is necessary to know the bearing capacity of soil at the desired depth. Plate load test is performed on site to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil at…