Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. Knowledge of surveying is incomplete without the knowledge of leveling. The dumpy level is a commonly used leveling instrument. To be acquainte…

Surveying, the first step of starting a new civil engineering project, is a very important branch of civil engineering. To understand the techniques of surveying a student must carefully study the bas…

Tacheometry is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distances are obtained by optical means as opposed to the ordinary process of chain and tape. This is done with the he…

The plane table surveying is one of the fastest and easiest methods of surveying. Plotting of plans and field observations can be done at the same time in plane table surveying. It is useful for the f…

Cement, as a binding material, is a very important building material. Almost every construction work requires cement. Therefore, the composition of cement is a matter of great interest to engineers. F…

White Portland cement, as the name indicates, is a kind of cement with white color. It is the same as ordinary gray Portland cement except in respect to color and fineness.

Snowcrete is the commercial…

Cement, one of the most important building materials, is a binding agent that sets and hardens to adhere to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles etc. Cement generally refers to a very fine pow…

Clinker is a nodular material produced in the kilning stage during the production of cement and is used as the binder in many cement products. The lumps or nodules of clinker are usually of diameter 3…

Any proportion of mixture such as fireclay-silica-ganister mixture or fireclay mixed with crushed brick or fireclay–silica sand is known as refractory cement.^[2]

In Refractory cement, a bulk refractor…

A type of cement that sets very quickly and hardens with the addition of water to the finely ground cement is called hydraulic cement. It is the most commonly used cement at present.

Nowadays, usually…