Boussinesq (1842 – 1929) evolved equations that can be used to determine stresses at any point P at a depth z as a result of a surface point load.

Boussinesq's F…

Boussinesq's formula, a fundamental concept in soil mechanics, provides valuable insights into the behavior of soil under point loads. However, the application of this formula is based on a set of key…

Westergaard is a British scientist. For vertical stress computation, he had proposed a formula in 1938. The formula is presented below. 

Westergaard's Equation for Point Loads

If Q…

Nathan Mortimore Newmark was a structural engineer. In 1942 he developed a chart to determine the vertical pressure of soil at any point for uniformly applied load. The chart is developed from Boussinesq's Equation. 

Following is the Newmark's Influence Chart.

Specific heat is a term that indicates the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius. It is a thermodynamic property of the substance. In SI specifications,…